RBA Annual Conference – 1994 Openness and Growth

Table 2: Estimated Openness 1960–90

		1960 GDP	Trade Intensity	Population '000	Openness			1960 GDP	Trade Intensity	Population '000	Openness
	Less Developed Countries						More Developed Countries
1	Myanmar	296	20	30,283	−0.65	45	Hong Kong	2,210	186	4,412	1.07
2	Botswana	552	99	780	−0.04	46	Czechoslovakia	2,468	46	14,757	0.02
3	Pakistan	618	30	72,435	0.01	47	Mexico	2,809	21	60,963	−0.40
4	Indonesia	625	37	132,531	0.39	48	Chile	2,893	41	10,271	−0.22
5	India	665	13	616,457	−0.25	49	Japan	3,033	22	109,675	−0.17
6	Egypt	770	49	37,046	0.33	50	Puerto Rico	3,069	123	2,921	0.54
7	Morocco	790	46	17,466	0.06	51	Ireland	3,184	95	3,175	0.30
8	Bangladesh	798	21	76,089	−0.32	52	Spain	3,196	30	35,212	−0.17
9	China	825	13	950,155	−0.10	53	Argentina	3,293	20	26,022	−0.66
10	Haiti	873	37	4,966	−0.51	54	Uruguay	3,829	34	2,835	−0.76
11	Korea, Rep.	907	52	34,418	0.37	55	Italy	4,636	37	54,651	0.16
12	Thailand	929	45	40,762	0.27	56	Iceland	5,172	78	215	−0.64
13	Honduras	1,007	61	3,202	−0.13	57	Austria	5,176	63	7,443	0.14
14	Tunisia	1,088	64	5,791	0.08	58	Finland	5,367	51	4,706	−0.20
15	Bolivia	1,112	47	4,979	−0.27	59	Trin. & Tobago	5,577	88	1,016	−0.08
16	Philippines	1,119	43	42,856	0.23	60	Belgium	5,583	112	9,673	0.78
17	Papua New Guinea	1,128	77	2,754	0.06	61	Norway	5,665	85	3,950	0.25
18	Jordan	1,141	85	2,648	0.15	62	France	6,013	36	51,906	0.11
19	Dominic. Rep.	1,162	48	5,038	−0.25	63	Netherlands	6,122	98	13,422	0.74
20	Paraguay	1,215	36	2,789	−0.69	64	Venezuela	6,194	45	12,776	−0.06
21	Sri Lanka	1,285	68	13,409	0.38	65	UK	6,548	49	55,624	0.44
22	El Salvador	1,372	56	3,933	−0.15	66	Germany, W.	6,637	46	60,297	0.39
23	Taiwan	1,382	74	15,850	0.51	67	Denmark	6,751	63	4,967	0.01
24	Malaysia	1,397	93	12,340	0.66	68	Canada	7,288	46	22,381	0.13
25	Ecuador	1,433	44	7,089	−0.24	69	Sweden	7,492	54	8,086	0.01
26	Nicaragua	1,466	56	2,425	−0.30	70	Australia	7,879	32	13,549	−0.39
27	Panama	1,520	79	1,732	−0.04	71	New Zealand	7,920	54	2,954	−0.28
28	Guyana	1,524	126	700	0.17	72	Luxembourg	8,112	174	351	0.30
29	Turkey	1,604	23	40,007	−0.41	73	Switzerland	9,639	66	6,203	0.14
30	Guatemala	1,641	37	6,103	−0.45	74	United States	9,776	15	215,246	−0.40
31	Colombia	1,652	28	23,673	−0.36
32	Singapore	1,712	307	2,264	1.39
33	Algeria	1,717	52	16,426	0.17
34	Brazil	1,758	16	108,036	−0.51
35	Jamaica	1,788	86	2,002	0.08
36	Portugal	1,869	61	9,412	0.17
37	Peru	1,917	34	15,187	−0.27
38	Yugoslavia	1,955	44	21,206	0.06
39	Costa Rica	2,021	64	1,959	−0.21
40	Cyprus	2,043	94	621	−0.15
41	Fiji	2,046	93	571	−0.19
42	Greece	2,088	39	9,176	−0.28
43	Suriname	2,097	104	364	−0.20
44	South Africa	2,109	54	25,454	0.32
Note: Openness is the residual from the regression reported in Table 1. Trade intensity and population are averages for 1960–90.