RDP 2001-08: City Sizes, Housing Costs, and Wealth Appendix B: Data Sources

Population

For Australia, Australian Demographic Statistics, ABS Cat No 3101.0 (March 2000 release). Population of all towns and cities with more than 4,900 inhabitants from the 1996 Census, available at <URL:http://www.abs.gov.au>. For Canada, data are estimates for 1999, taken from the Statistics Canada website, available at <URL:http://www.statcan.ca/english/Pgdb/People/Population/demo05.htm>. For New Zealand, data are from the 1996 Census (Statistics New Zealand). For the United States, MSA and CSMA population data for 1999 were taken from the Bureau of Census website, available at <URL: http://www.census.gov>. For all other countries, city population data from the United Nations Statistics Division Population Database, available at <URL:http://www.un.org/Depts/unsd/demog/ctry.htm>.

Table 3

Mortgage interest deductibility: OECD (1994).

Capital gains tax exemption: OECD (1994).

Share of public housing: Australia [1999]: Australian Social Trends, ABS Cat No 4102.0; Canada: Statistics Canada website; France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, United Kingdom: European Parliament (1996); Japan [1998]: 1998 Housing and Land Survey of Japan, Statistics Bureau and Statistics Center; New Zealand: Statistics New Zealand [1996 Census] and Ministry of Housing; United States [1997]: authors' calculation based on the number of public housing units reported by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development and the total housing stock from American Housing Survey 1999.

Home ownership rates: Australia [1999]: ABS Cat No 4102.0. Canada: Statistics Canada [Census and related data 1999]; France [1996], Germany [1998], Italy [1991], United Kingdom [1998]: Haffner and Dol (2000); Japan [1998]: Housing of Japan, Statistics Bureau and Statistics Center; Sweden: Oswald (1999); New Zealand [1996]: Statistics New Zealand [1996 Census]; United States [1999]: US Census Bureau.

Table 4

Persons per room: United Nations Statistics Division, available at <URL:http://www.un.org/Depts/unsd/social/housing.htm>.

Average existing dwelling size: Australia: authors' calculation based on floor space per person for Melbourne from the USAID Housing Indicators Project [1993] and persons per household from ABS Cat No 4102.0; Canada [1985]: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation; France [1996], Germany [1998], Italy [1985], Sweden [1997]: Haffner and Dol (2000); Japan [1998]: 1998 Housing and Land Survey of Japan, Statistics Bureau and Statistics Center; New Zealand [mid 1990s]: Valuation New Zealand Sales Data as cited in Bourassa and Hoesli (1999); United Kingdom: English House Condition Survey 1996, Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions; United States [1997]: American Housing Survey 1999, Census Bureau.

Average new dwelling size: Australia [1999]: ABS Cat No 4102.0; France [1998], Germany [1999], Italy [1996], Sweden [1998], United Kingdom [average 1980–1996]: Haffner and Dol (2000); Japan [1998]: 1998 Housing and Land Survey of Japan, Statistics Bureau and Statistics Center; United States [1999]: National Association of Home Builders.

Proportion of dwellings houses: Australia [1998]: ABS Cat No 4102.0; Canada: Statistics Canada [Census and related data 1999]; France [1996], Germany [1998], Sweden [1998]: Haffner and Dol (2000); New Zealand [1996]: Statistics New Zealand; United Kingdom [1996]: English House Condition Survey; United States [1997]: American Housing Survey 1999.

Proportion of dwellings detached: Australia [1998]: ABS Cat No 4102.0; Canada: Statistics Canada [Census and related data 1999]; Germany [1997]: Miron (2001); Japan [1993]: Building Council of Japan (1998); New Zealand [mid 1990s]: Valuation New Zealand Sales Data as cited in Bourassa and Hoesli (1999); United Kingdom [1996]: English House Condition Survey; United States [1997]: American Housing Survey 1999.

Dwellings with six or more rooms: Australia [1999]: Australian Housing Survey, ABS Cat No 4182.0; Canada [1996], France [1996], Germany [1997], United Kingdom [1996/97], United States [1997], New Zealand [1996]: Miron (2001).

Dwellings built since 1980: Australia: authors' calculation based on Census data and building completions (ABS Cat No 8752.0); France [1996], Germany [1998], Sweden [1990], United Kingdom [1996]: Haffner and Dol (2000); Japan [1998]: 1998 Housing and Land Survey of Japan, Statistics Bureau and Statistics Center; United States [1997]: American Housing Survey 1999.

Figure 1, Table 5, Table 7 and Table 8: Actual and Counterfactual Dwelling Price-Income Ratios

Australian housing prices by city: CBA/HIA Housing Report and, for Hobart, Real Estate Institute of Australia. The data in Figure 1 are for December 2000. The data in Tables 5, 7 and 8 are for June 1998.

Australian median household gross income by city: ABS Household Expenditure Survey 1998–1999 (median income provided as a special data service). In Figure 1, income is deflated by national accounts gross household income (ABS Cat No 5206.0).

Australian average household disposable income: National Income, Expenditure and Product, (ABS Cat No 5206.0). The number used is an average of quarterly data for 1998.

US housing prices by city: National Association of Realtors, available at <URL: http://nar.realtor.com/databank/ehsmet.htm>.

US national average housing prices: Mylonas et al (2000).

US median household gross income by city: Census Bureau Current Population Survey, Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates for 1997, available at <URL:http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/saipe/stcty/estimate.html>.

US average household disposable income: Survey of Current Business May 2000, Table 2.1, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Department of Commerce; US Census Bureau Household and Housing Unit Estimates 1998, available at <URL:http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/housing/sthuhh1.txt>.

Figures 5 and 6: Dates of Financial Deregulation

The dates of financial deregulation correspond to the period when interest rate ceilings on deposits and loans, and quantitative restrictions on bank lending were lifted in each country.

Australia: Battellino and McMillan (1989).

Canada: Edey and Hviding (1995); Freedman (1998); Germany and Morton (1985); OECD (2000).

France, Italy and Sweden: OECD (2000).

New Zealand: OECD (2000); Margaritis, Hyslop and Rae (1992).

United Kingdom: Germany and Morton (1985); OECD (2000).

United States: Edey and Hviding (1995); Jaffee and Stiglitz (1990); Mehrez and Kaufmann (1999).