2015/16 Assessment of ASX Clearing and Settlement Facilities A1.2 ASX Clear (Futures) Standard 2: Governance

A central counterparty should have governance arrangements that are clear and transparent, promote the safety of the central counterparty, and support the stability of the broader financial system, other relevant public interest considerations, and the objectives of relevant stakeholders.

ASX Clear (Futures) pursues objectives that place a high priority on risk management, through compliance with relevant FSS and the broader Corporations Act requirement to do all other things necessary to reduce systemic risk. ASX Clear (Futures) also acknowledges public policy objectives directed at financial market and payments system integrity, as well as the interests of customers and other stakeholders (CCP Standard 2.1). ASX Clear (Futures)' governance arrangements are documented and publicly disclosed. These arrangements give ultimate responsibility for the oversight of the operations and risk management of ASX Clear (Futures) to the ASX Limited Board and the ASX Clear (Futures) Board (see ‘ASX Group Structure’ in Appendix A). Board and committee charters document Board roles and lines of responsibility and accountability (CCP Standards 2.2, 2.3). The performance of each relevant Board is reviewed at least annually for both individual directors and the Board as a whole. The relevant Boards each include a majority of independent non-executive directors and the ASX Clear (Futures) Board includes directors appointed for their expertise in clearing and settlement matters. Board remuneration is designed to attract and retain appropriately skilled and qualified directors (CCP Standard 2.4).

The reporting lines of management are set out in the CS Boards' Charter, along with roles and responsibilities of key management personnel. Remuneration of senior management in risk management roles is structured to provide appropriate incentives for sound and effective risk management (CCP Standard 2.5). ASX maintains a clear and documented risk management framework, subject to regular internal and external review. Governance of this risk management framework is supported by a participant Risk Consultative Committee (CCP Standard 2.6). Key processes and internal controls are subject to review by ASX's Internal Audit department, which is itself subject to periodic external review (CCP Standard 2.7). ASX utilises formal and informal consultation processes which help to ensure that the design and decisions of ASX Clear (Futures) reflect the interests of participants and other stakeholders, including engagement with the participant Risk Consultative Committee (CCP Standard 2.8). ASX has conflict-handling procedures in place to address potential conflicts of interest that may arise by virtue of its group structure. These require that staff and directors act in the best interests of each facility as appropriate. The composition of the CS Boards supports the effective handling of any conflicts that might arise (CCP Standard 2.9).

2.1 A central counterparty should have objectives that place a high priority on the safety of the central counterparty and explicitly support the stability of the financial system and other relevant public interest considerations.

The high-level objectives of ASX Clear (Futures) are set out in the CS Boards' Charter, which is available on the ASX public website. The objectives prioritise the Boards' responsibilities in the area of risk management and, in particular, ASX Clear (Futures)' responsibility for complying with relevant FSS.

ASX Clear (Futures)' objectives recognise the public interest. These objectives are reflected in the ASX Limited Board Charter, which provides that the Board has a responsibility to oversee the conduct of the ASX Group consistent with licence obligations, as well as public policy objectives directed at financial market and payments system integrity. The CS Boards' Charter also specifically acknowledges the Boards' public interest responsibilities, as well as ASX Clear (Futures) obligations under Part 7.3 of the Corporations Act. These include that ASX Clear (Futures), to the extent that it is reasonably practicable to do so, comply with relevant FSS and do all other things necessary to reduce systemic risk arising from its services and provide its services in a fair and effective way.

To support the interests of its customers, ASX maintains a Customer Charter, which is referenced in the CS Boards' Charter. The Customer Charter commits that ASX: work with its customers to deliver products and services that meet their needs and provide them with choice; make its products and services available on a non-discriminatory basis and on reasonable commercial terms; and manage its businesses and operations on a commercial basis to benefit its customers and provide appropriate returns to ASX shareholders. The Customer Charter recognises ASX's role as a provider of critical infrastructure to the Australian financial markets and commits to make the necessary investments to ensure it can fulfil this role and provide confidence to market participants, investors and regulators.

ASX Clear (Futures)' governance arrangements allow for appropriate consideration of stakeholder views. When considering new services or major operational or risk management changes, ASX uses stakeholder forums and other formal and informal consultation processes to communicate proposed changes to relevant stakeholders (see CCP Standard 2.8). Consultations and non-confidential responses to consultations are made available on the ASX public website. In addition, the ASX Group has disclosure obligations under the Corporations Act and Listing Rules which it manages in accordance with those laws and rules.

2.2 A central counterparty should have documented governance arrangements that provide clear and direct lines of responsibility and accountability. These arrangements should be disclosed to owners, the Reserve Bank and other relevant authorities, participants and, at a more general level, the public.

The governance arrangements of ASX Clear (Futures) are documented on the ASX public website. This documentation includes the Charters of the ASX Limited Board, the CS Boards (which include the ASX Clear (Futures) Board), and other subsidiary boards and committees. The charter documents provide information about the role and composition of the CS Boards and board committees. The CS Boards are responsible for the oversight and risk management of the ASX CS facilities (see CCP Standard 2.3). The board committees advise the ASX Limited Board on a number of matters:

  • The Audit and Risk Committee is responsible for the oversight of ASX Group enterprise-wide risk. The Committee monitors ASX's financial management, internal controls, audit function and legal compliance, and assists the CS Boards in fulfilling their responsibility for the oversight of risk management of the ASX CS facilities.
  • The Remuneration Committee oversees the remuneration and incentive framework for the Managing Director and CEO, non-executive directors, senior executives, and ASX staff more generally (see CCP Standard 2.5).
  • The Nomination Committee is responsible for reviewing matters relating to board composition and performance, succession planning, and training for non-executive board members (see CCP Standard 2.4).

The charter documents also provide information about the key senior managers of the clearing facilities; namely, the Managing Director and CEO, the CRO, and the GE, Operations responsible for settlement risk. Profiles of CS facility directors are also publicly available online. Key governance policies and charters are reviewed regularly by the relevant boards and committees. Each of the charters of ASX Limited and the CS Boards is reviewed and approved by the respective board on an annual basis.

The ASX Limited Annual Report provides information about ASX Group's risk management arrangements, including the role of boards, key committees, key subsidiary boards (e.g. ASX Compliance), and the roles of senior group executives who report directly to the Managing Director and CEO. Explanatory documentation on the website also describes: the FSS and the CPMI-IOSCO Principles; group and business structure, including biographies of senior Group Executives; and risk management policies (in summary form). ASX's response to the CPMI-IOSCO Disclosure Framework also summarises key governance and risk management arrangements (see CCP Standard 20.5).

Under the Corporations Act, ASX must notify ASIC as soon as practicable after a person becomes or ceases to become a director, secretary or senior manager of ASX Clear (Futures), including when a person changes from one of those positions to another. Changes to these positions and senior risk management personnel are also notified to the Bank.

2.3 The roles and responsibilities of a central counterparty's board of directors (or equivalent) should be clearly specified, and there should be documented procedures for its functioning, including procedures to identify, address and manage member conflicts of interest. The board should regularly review both its overall performance and the performance of its individual board members.

Ultimate responsibility for the oversight of risks faced by ASX Clear (Futures) lies with the ASX Limited Board and the ASX Clear (Futures) Board. The ASX Limited Board is accountable for the overall management of the ASX Group. Its responsibilities include:

  • reviewing the Group's corporate strategy and approving major initiatives
  • overseeing and monitoring the Group's performance consistent with its strategic goals, licence obligations and public policy objectives
  • reviewing and approving financial plans, and monitoring financial performance
  • appointing and assessing the performance of the Managing Director and CEO
  • overseeing the risk management, internal control, and compliance functions, including the implementation of ASX's enterprise risk management policy
  • ensuring that appropriate mechanisms are in place for identifying, controlling, monitoring and reporting significant risks
  • reporting to, and communicating with, shareholders.

The ASX Limited Board Charter delegates certain responsibilities to the ASX Clear (Futures) Board, including the review and oversight of the risk management, internal control and compliance functions related to ASX Clear (Futures)' clearing- and settlement-related risks, and ensuring ASX Clear (Futures)' compliance with the FSS. The CS Boards' Charter elaborates on the roles and responsibilities of the ASX Clear (Futures) Board. The CS Boards' Charter places requirements on the structure of the CS Boards, including that the majority of directors and the Chair be independent. The ASX Clear (Futures) Board meets regularly and receives detailed reports on ASX Clear (Futures)' business and operations, risk management and financial performance. During 2015/16, the ASX Clear (Futures) Board had seven formal meetings and four workshops.

Board performance is dealt with periodically in private session by the relevant boards. The process may be facilitated by external independent consultants. A number of tools may be used, including private session review, skills matrices and surveys, and externally facilitated group discussions. Details of Board performance reviews are set out in the ASX Limited Annual Report (the same process applies for the key subsidiary boards).

The CS Boards' Charter sets out how the Boards address directors' interests and potential conflicts. Directors of the CS Boards must disclose all material personal interests (such as shareholdings, directorships and consultancy arrangements) which may potentially conflict with their duties. If there is a change in a director's material personal interests, the director must notify that change at the next meeting of the CS Boards. If there is a real possibility of a material conflict of interest and duty on a matter subject to vote at a meeting of the CS Boards, the director must not be present for the discussion or vote related to that matter.

2.4 The board should comprise suitable members with the appropriate skills and incentives to fulfil its multiple roles. This typically requires the inclusion of non-executive board member(s).

At the end of the Assessment period, the ASX Limited Board had eight members, comprising the Chairman and seven non-executive directors. At the end of the Assessment period, the ASX Clear (Futures) Board comprised of nine independent non-executive directors, five of whom were members of the ASX Limited Board. Three new directors were appointed during the Assessment period and one resigned at the end of the Assessment period. The ASX Clear (Futures) and Austraclear Boards share common directors; all but four of these directors also serve on the ASX Clear and ASX Settlement Boards.

The differences between the composition of the CS Boards, and between the CS Boards and ASX limited, are primarily for business reasons, but also supports ASX's conflict-handling arrangements (see CCP Standard 2.9).

Prior to his resignation in March 2016, the previous ASX Managing Director and CEO was an executive member of the ASX Limited and ASX Clear (Futures) Boards, as well as the other CS Boards (see Section 3.5.3). ASX announced in August that a new Managing Director and CEO, Dominic Stevens, had been appointed. During the interim period, the ASX Chairman, Rick Holliday-Smith provided oversight and board-level input to the Deputy CEO and Group General Counsel, who together had assumed the day-to-day running of the company. Under these interim arrangements, the Chairman did not have day-to-day responsibilities within ASX, but served as a point of contact for senior external stakeholders, including regulators. Although the ASX Limited Board had determined that the Chairman brought independent judgement to bear on matters before the Board, it had treated the Chairman ‘as if’ he was not independent during the interim period.

As set out in the CS Boards' Charter, the CS Boards, in consultation with the Nomination Committee and the ASX Limited Board, determine the composition of the CS Boards, with directors selected based on relevant skills and expertise. Five of the non-executive directors of ASX Clear (Futures) are also members of the ASX Limited Board, while the remaining three, including the Chair, are external directors appointed for their expertise in clearing and settlement operational and risk management matters. This helps to ensure that directors have the capacity to conduct informed independent review of relevant issues. The directors of ASX Clear (Futures) have experience in senior roles across a range of financial sectors globally, including international banking, asset management, and financial, derivatives and capital markets.

The CS Boards' Charter sets out the ASX policy that the majority of directors on each CS Board must be independent. The Board Policy and Guideline to Relationships Affecting Independent Status is available on the ASX website.[4] The independence of directors is assessed according to this policy, which is aligned to the ASX Corporate Governance Council's Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations for listed companies. The policy requires, for example, that each independent director be free of business or other relationships that could interfere with the independent exercise of the director's judgement. Specifically considered is whether the director is a substantial shareholder of ASX, as well as whether in the past three years the director was employed by ASX or was an adviser to ASX. The biographies of the directors, which show their relationship with other ASX Group companies, are set out on the ASX website.[5]

Selection, succession planning and training for board members are dealt with in private session by the Nomination Committee and Boards at appropriate intervals. New directors receive a comprehensive induction from Board and Nomination Committee members, as well as senior managers and other key staff. The Boards also receive regular briefings at Board meetings, workshops, customer engagement meetings and site visits. This helps to ensure that directors are kept informed of relevant market and industry developments, and assists in developing the skills and technical knowledge of the Board.

Directors' fees at both ASX Limited and ASX Clear (Futures) are considered at regular intervals by the ASX Limited Remuneration Committee, which aims to ensure that it has in place a fee scale that enables ASX to attract and retain appropriately skilled and qualified non-executive directors and recognises the workload and level of skill and expertise that a director must have to effectively meet their responsibilities. Remuneration of directors is determined in private session by the ASX Limited Board on the recommendation of the Remuneration Committee. Non-executive directors' fees are broadly aligned to the top quartile of the marketplace. In conducting a review, the Board may take advice from an external remuneration consultant. The process involves benchmarking against a group of peer companies. There were no changes to directors' fees following the latest fee review in June 2016.

2.5 The roles and responsibilities of management should be clearly specified. A central counterparty's management should have the appropriate experience, mix of skills and integrity necessary to effectively discharge its responsibilities for the operation and risk management of the central counterparty. Compensation arrangements should be structured in such a way as to promote the soundness and effectiveness of risk management.

ASX has clear and direct reporting lines between management and the CS Boards. These are set out in the CS Boards' Charter, along with the roles and responsibilities of the Managing Director and CEO, the CRO, and the GE, Operations. In the normal course, the Managing Director and CEO has responsibility for the overall operational and business management and profit performance of ASX, while the CRO has responsibility for the overall clearing risk management of the CS facilities and for ensuring that CS facility licence obligations are met. The CRO has a direct reporting line to the CS Boards and is entitled to attend and be heard at CS Board meetings.

In March 2016, the Managing Director and CEO of ASX resigned (see Section 3.5.3). ASX announced in August that a new Managing Director and CEO, Dominic Stevens, had been appointed. During the interim period, the Deputy CEO and Group General Counsel jointly led the day-to-day running of the company and reported to the Chairman. Under these arrangements, the CRO and CCO reported directly to the Group General Counsel, while the CFO and GE, Operations reported to the Deputy CEO.

ASX has a remuneration policy and performance management framework in place, which aims to ensure that management personnel have an appropriate mix of skills and experience to discharge their responsibilities. The ASX Limited Remuneration Committee has delegated responsibility from the ASX Limited Board to conduct detailed examination of certain matters under ASX's remuneration and incentive framework, including succession plans, recruitment, retention and termination strategies. The Committee also reviews the remuneration arrangements of the ASX Group directors and all ASX staff, including the Managing Director and CEO, the Deputy CEO, Group Executives and General Managers. The Committee members are appointed by the ASX Limited Board, and must consist of only non-executive directors, with at least three members, a majority of independent directors, and an independent chair who is not Chairman of ASX Limited. The Committee has direct access to ASX senior management and the authority to seek independent advice. The CS Boards have delegated responsibility to the Committee for compensation arrangements and performance management processes relating to the CRO and the GE, Operations. The CS Boards provide input on the setting of Key Performance Indicators and may review the performance outcomes for the CRO and the GE, Operations. Since June 2015, ASX's compensation arrangements for senior executives, including the CRO and GE, Operations, have placed greater weight on longer-term incentives. This has not affected the Key Performance Indicators of either the CRO or GE, Operations, which remain aligned with the objectives of sound and effective risk management.

ASX carries out succession planning and management processes in order to promote leadership continuity in key positions, and develop intellectual depth and business knowledge. This includes the biannual review of a ‘talent assessment tool’ by Group Executives and Human Resources to identify and manage the development of high potential staff according to individual and business needs. Succession and contingency planning is conducted for Group Executives, General Managers and other key staff.

2.6 The board should establish a clear, documented risk management framework that includes the central counterparty's risk tolerance policy, assigns responsibilities and accountability for risk decisions, and addresses decision-making in crises and emergencies. Governance arrangements should ensure that the risk management and internal control functions have sufficient authority, independence, resources and access to the board, including through the maintenance of a separate and independent internal audit function.

ASX has a documented risk management framework, which is described under CCP Standard 3.1. The CS Boards are responsible for approving and reviewing high-level risk management policies relevant to clearing and settlement operations. The Boards approve all new clearing and settlement risk policies and standards, as well as material changes to existing clearing and settlement policies and standards. The Boards consider these policies and standards at a concurrent meeting; where the policy or standard is relevant to more than one facility, the Boards of those facilities would simultaneously determine whether to approve the policy or standard. If the policy requirements under consideration differ across facilities, the Boards of each relevant facility would separately determine whether to approve the policy or standard (during the concurrent meeting). Board feedback is incorporated before risk policies and standards are approved.

Responsibilities under the high-level risk management policy relevant to CCP risk are distributed as follows:

  • Key policies and standards, such as margin policy, stress test standards and investment mandates, are reviewed by the CS Boards on an annual basis. Detailed reporting to the CS Boards occurs quarterly on the operation of the CCPs and their compliance with risk management policies and standards, and on broader management and operational matters. Internal Audit conducts a rotational risk-based independent audit program (see CCP Standard 2.7); this includes ensuring that relevant operational departments comply with Board-approved policies and standards, where necessary using external specialists to assist with reviews. The CS Boards may also request external reviews. Clearing risk management policies and standards are reviewed on an annual basis.
  • The Audit and Risk Committee has responsibility for the oversight of the Enterprise Risk Management Framework.
  • The ERMC, comprising executives from various departments, is responsible for enterprise risk management policy and reviewing controls, processes and procedures to identify and manage risks. This Committee is also responsible for formally approving significant operational risk policies prepared by individual departments.
  • Individual departments are responsible for: identifying business-specific risks; applying controls; maintaining risk management systems; reporting on the effectiveness of risk controls; and implementing enhancements and taking remedial action as appropriate. Each department is required to maintain a record of its risk profile, reviewing this on a six-monthly basis and updating as appropriate. This record includes ‘Key Risk Indicators’ and action plans to address any identified risk that is not adequately mitigated. Documented policies and standards specify requirements for periodic formal review. More frequent reviews are undertaken where there are potential changes to technology, legal or regulatory requirements, or business drivers.

The CRO has a direct reporting line to the CS Boards. Within ASX's management structure, those departments primarily responsible for CCP financial risk management report to the CRO, who, in the normal course, in turn reports directly to the CEO. The CRO is not responsible for any other functions, and none of the departments within the CRO's portfolio have a primary revenue or profit objective (see CCP Standard 2.5). There are four functional departments with at least some responsibility for CCP financial risk management: the Clearing Risk Development department; the CRQ department; the CRPM department; and the Portfolio Risk Manager (see ‘ASX Group Structure’ in Appendix A). In addition, ASX maintains a number of executive committees that have some responsibility for financial risk management.

Directors are entitled to obtain independent advice. The Annual Report addresses directors' access to information, management and advice. To the extent that directors wish to seek independent advice, they can raise this in board meetings, with the Managing Director and CEO, or with the Chairman. The participant Risk Consultative Committee (see CCP Standard 2.8) also provides advice to the ASX Clear (Futures) Board on risk management matters, consistent with the Bank's supplementary interpretation of this sub-standard (see Introduction to Appendix A).

Model validation

The Boards of ASX Clear and ASX Clear (Futures) (the ‘Clearing Boards’) regularly review and discuss with management matters of risk policy, including changes to margin and stress test methodologies.

ASX has developed a framework for model validation. This framework identifies models to be validated, defines what constitutes ‘model validation’, describes the model validation approach to be applied to the identified models, and specifies model validation governance arrangements. Key models at ASX Clear (Futures) include SPAN margining for exchange-traded derivatives, the OTC IRS Filtered Historical Simulation Value at Risk (FHSVaR) model for OTC derivatives, the pricing system for derivatives, and the credit and liquidity stress test models. Governance arrangements specify criteria for ranking model risk, validation roles and responsibilities, validation frequency, the assessment approach, and whether the validation should be carried out by an internal or external expert. ASX assigns each of its risk models a weighted risk score between one and five to determine how critical it is, based on factors such as the internal and external impact of the model, frequency of use and complexity. ASX uses the risk score to determine the frequency of comprehensive independent model validations and whether models are to be validated internally or externally.

Model validation is performed on a regular basis according to the risk score. The approach to model validation is based on objective statistical tests, including backtesting and sensitivity analysis (see CCP Standards 4.5, 4.6, 5.3, 6.5, 6.6 and 7.8), with each model validation strategy to be reviewed and approved by an internal management committee known as the RQG. Model validation reviews are coordinated by Internal Audit, and may include the use of external experts as required under the framework or where this is deemed necessary by the RQG or Internal Audit. Independent model validations were carried out for collateral valuation and haircuts, capital stress testing, liquidity stress testing and SPAN during the 2015/16 Assessment period. ASX Clear (Futures)' approach to independent model validation is discussed in more detail under CCP Standards 4.5 and 6.7.

2.7 A central counterparty's operations, risk management processes, internal control mechanisms and accounts should be subject to internal audit and, where appropriate, periodic external independent expert review. Internal audits should be performed, at a minimum, on an annual basis. The outcome of internal audits and external reviews should be notified to the Reserve Bank and other relevant authorities.

ASX maintains an internal audit plan that provides for a three-to-five year review cycle of key operational and risk management processes, and internal control mechanisms that are governed by ASX's Enterprise Risk Management Framework, business continuity framework and enterprise compliance framework, using the internal audit methodology. The internal audit plan is approved by the ASX Limited Audit and Risk Committee, and the audit work that is relevant to the CS Boards and ASX Compliance Board is endorsed by those Boards. The key governance frameworks are reviewed by external independent experts, as required. ASX's internal audit arrangements are set out in an Internal Audit Charter which is reviewed and approved by the ASX Limited Audit and Risk Committee every two years and made available on the ASX public website.

Internal Audit is a separate department within ASX the principal objective of which is to ‘provide independent, objective assurance and consulting services designed to add value and improve the operations of ASX’. Its scope covers the policies, processes and procedures of all risk management and internal control systems. Internal Audit reports to the Audit and Risk Committee and Managing Director and CEO for audit purposes and to the CRO for administrative purposes. The department's reporting structure also includes reporting lines to the CS Boards and ASX Compliance Board. The General Manager of Internal Audit has direct access to the Audit and Risk Committee, CS Boards and ASX Compliance Board. If a potential conflict arises between Internal Audit and the CRO, Internal Audit would use the reporting lines to the Managing Director and CEO, Audit and Risk Committee, CS Boards or the ASX Compliance Board. Members of the Internal Audit department are required to hold appropriate undergraduate and postgraduate qualifications relevant to their roles.

The role and performance of the Internal Audit function is regularly reviewed by the ASX Limited Audit and Risk Committee. Internal Audit is also reviewed by external independent auditors on a three-year cycle. The last such audit, conducted out in October/November 2014, concluded that Internal Audit was appropriately carrying out its role as the key provider of assurance services within ASX, and was operating in accordance with the International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing. The performance of the General Manager, Internal Audit is also assessed each year by the Audit and Risk Committee.

ASX has a clearly defined methodology for internal audit, based on the International Professional Practices Framework set out by the Institute of Internal Auditors.[6] The audit process includes phases for planning, fieldwork, reporting, final sign-off, and issues logging and follow-up. The planning phase includes the preparation of terms of reference that define the purpose, timing, approach and scope of the audit.

The internal audit methodology allows for ad hoc reviews if, for example, material new risks are identified or other changes to ASX's business occur. This is a matter which the General Manager, Internal Audit and the Audit and Risk Committee consider. The ASX Compliance Board and the CS Boards may also request ad hoc reviews.

2.8 Governance arrangements should ensure that the central counterparty's design, rules, overall strategy and major decisions reflect appropriately the legitimate interests of its direct and indirect participants and other relevant stakeholders. Governance arrangements should provide for consultation and stakeholder engagement through appropriate forums on operational arrangements, risk controls and default management rules and procedures. Major decisions should be clearly disclosed to relevant stakeholders and, where there is a broad market impact, the public.

The interests of direct and indirect participants and other relevant stakeholders are recognised in the ASX Limited Board Charter, the CS Boards' Charter and the ASX Customer Charter.

The views of participants and other stakeholders are sought through formal and informal means. ASX Clear (Futures) routinely conducts public consultations when considering major changes to existing services or new service offerings. These consultations allow for written submissions and discussion in both bilateral and open forums. Participants' views may also be gathered through the induction program for new participants, as well as ongoing participant liaison and compliance checks. ASX Clear (Futures) has formalised in its Operating Rules a requirement that it consult participants on proposed rule amendments, except those requested by its regulators or required to enable ASX Clear (Futures) to comply with its CS facility licence or other regulatory obligations.

ASX Clear (Futures) also maintains several standing structures for participant consultation.

  • The ASX Clear (Futures) Risk Consultative Committee, comprising representatives from 18 futures and OTC participants, is a self-governing body chaired by an elected member. Client representatives must have held an individual client account for at least six months with an average initial margin requirement of at least $10 million over that period; currently there are no clients that meet these criteria. The Risk Consultative Committee is consulted on material changes to default management processes, the margining methodology, the default fund, position or liquidity limits, participation criteria, new products, and other changes affecting ASX Clear (Futures)' risk management practices or related rules. The Risk Consultative Committee's proposals and recommendations are presented to the ASX Clear (Futures) Board, which is not obliged to accept the Risk Consultative Committee's advice but is required to provide reasons for any decision not to follow such advice. During the Assessment period, the Risk Consultative Committee discussed a range of issues including: changes to the intraday margining regime; proposals for enhanced replenishment arrangements; enhancements to the credit stress test framework; outcomes of the OTC default management fire drill; the group-wide technology transformation project; and the development of new participant disclosure tools.
  • The ASX Rates Product Advisory Committee advises ASX Clear (Futures) on matters related to exchange-traded and OTC IRD products, including business, operational and technical aspects of new interest rates product and service offerings and material changes to the ASX Clear (Futures) Operating Rules. The Committee meets on a quarterly basis. The Committee's proposals and recommendations are presented to the ASX Clear (Futures) Board, which is not obliged to accept the Committee's proposals or recommendations but is required to provide reasons for any decision not to do so. ASX is also advised on matters related to specific asset classes by a number of other committees representing key participants and end users: the ASX 24 Futures Clearing Committee; the Energy Product Advisory Committee; and the Agricultural Product Advisory Committee.
  • ASX Clear (Futures) has also established a DMG, comprised of experts from OTC participants selected on a rotational basis, each for an annual term (see CCP Standard 12.1). The DMG is consulted on aspects of the default management process as set out in the Operating Rules, and while the ASX Clear (Futures) Board is not obliged to accept the DMG's advice, it is required to provide reasons for any decision not to follow such advice. The DMG most recently met in July 2016 for the annual OTC default management fire drill (see CCP Standard 12.4).

2.9 A central counterparty that is part of a group of companies should ensure that measures are in place such that decisions taken in accordance with its obligations as a central counterparty cannot be compromised by the group structure or by board members also being members of the board of other entities in the same group. In particular, such a central counterparty should consider specific procedures for preventing and managing conflicts of interest, including with respect to intragroup outsourcing arrangements.

ASX has conflict-handling arrangements to help manage potential conflicts of interest that its directors and staff may face. The potential for intragroup conflicts arising from ASX's group structure is addressed by intragroup service agreements, which set out the basis on which other group entities will provide services to the CS facilities and specify that the entities providing the services must have sufficient financial and other resources to meet their obligations. These agreements provide that ASX Group staff are under a duty to act in the best interests of the facility that is receiving the services.

ASX's governance arrangements are designed to ensure that shared directorships within the ASX Group cannot compromise each CS facility's compliance with its licence obligations, including observance of the FSS. ASX considers that there is limited potential for shared directorships to create conflicts between ASX's group-wide commercial interests and the risk management function of the CS facilities. More broadly, it considers that conflicts between directors' roles on the CS Boards and the ASX Limited Board are unlikely given the distinct roles the separate entities perform, and in view of group-wide arrangements to manage matters such as operations and compliance. If a conflict were to arise, a director sitting on multiple CS Boards would be expected to make decisions in the best interests of each facility.

The structure of the CS Boards further limits the potential for conflict. Two directors are able to form a quorum of the ASX Clear (Futures) Board, allowing matters that raise potential conflicts of interest to be considered and voted on without the involvement of directors that are also on the ASX Limited Board.

Footnotes

Available at <http://www.asx.com.au/documents/regulation/ASXL_guidelines_affecting_independent_status.PDF>. [4]

Available at <http://www.asx.com.au/about/board-and-management.htm>. [5]

The Institute of Internal Auditors is the leading international organisation representing internal auditors. It has developed a set of standards that provides a framework for carrying out and evaluating the performance of internal audits. [6]